The Approach of Nonviolence Essay - 995 Words

â€Å"An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind† (Mahatma Gandhi), welcome to the world of non-violence, not similar to ‘disney land’ but merely a small philosophical village coated in white, decorated with crystals and abundant in doves; white resembling peace, crystals for clarity and pure spirit and doves for .. I don’t know, I guess I have been driven by my imagination. There is a considerable debate about the precise meaning of nonviolence. Some people believe that nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of violence. In other words, nonviolence is a method for resolving a conflict without the use of physical power nor enmity towards opponents. Instead, it emphasizes you to look beyond†¦show more content†¦Day by day humans tend to be inhuman; selfishness, cruelty, hatred, jealousy and materialism have ripped off the warmth from our lives making it cold and unsafe. A man may allow himself a wide latitude in the matter of diet and yet may be a personifier of ahimsa and compel our homage, but a man who is always over-scrupulous in diet is an utter stranger to ahimsa and pitiful wretch, if he is a slave to selfishness and passions and is hard of heart. (Gandhi, The Gospel of Non-Violence) Gandhi expresses the problem of selfishness and greed among humans, thus turning themselves into slaves for power, wealth and fame. Allah the all mighty talks about this very same point in his holy Quran by saying â€Å"We have certainly created man in the best of stature† (At-tin 95:4) and he also says â€Å"Indeed, We guided him to the way, be he grateful or be he ungrateful.† (Al-insan 76:3), although the literal meaning of these scriptures may seem different, but the true meaning needs explanation, and those two scriptures meant that Allah all mighty, have created human beings free; not obliged by any person or anything. But humans blinded by their greediness, became slaves for materialistic assets forgoing morality, knowledge and wisdom. And to defeat all this, we need to practice nonviolence as a way of living, because it will help us to retain the forgone moral possessions which are the key ingredients for a peaceful, truthful,Show MoreRelatedThe Power Of Peace S peech Summary767 Words   |  4 Pagesmodel for the Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr. attested to the effectiveness of a nonviolent approach to difficult situations. Cesar Chavez urges the importance of a peaceful approach to every situation, and emphasizes the destruction that violence causes in his article published on the tenth anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination. Chavez convinces readers that nonviolence cultivates peace, while violence promotes havoc through the use of parallel structure, diction, and pathosRead MoreGandhis Vision and Life in Attenboroughs Films1172 Words   |  5 Pagesfashionable; to put the responsibility of state cruelty on the victims, criticizing them for fighting excesses. Subsequently, affording the perpetrators an opportunity to inflict more punishment on the people. Through discussing Gandhi’s philosophical approach and Attenborough’s film successes in depicting his ideas, this essay will demonstrate how G andhi’s vision and life relates to that of the Sufi Sheikh and monk in Al Mureed and Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring Again films respectively. DuringRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King886 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Civil Rights movement, Dr. Martin Luther King, addressed the injustices pertaining to his time period in the mid 1950s and advocated nonviolence as an approach to acquire the equality that society was lacking. Dr. King practiced what he preached and gained an innumerable amount of followers. He was ultimately successful because of his use of nonviolence. Through boycotting, sit-ins, and marches, Dr. King achieved the high regard he has today. Furthermore, Cesar Chavez, labor union organizerRead MoreFighting Inequality and Oppression with Non-Violence Is always the Best Policy627 Words   |  3 Pagesthe law of nonviolence says that violence should be resisted not by counter-violence but by nonviolence. This I do by breaking the law and by peacefully submitting to arrest and imprisonment.† (Mahatma Gandhi) Since Americas independence until today people try to find different approaches to defeat the inequalit y and the oppression. An old traditional thought is that violence can only be treated with violence, there is no room left for an analysis of the situation and try to approach it differentlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King And Lewis And The Civil Rights Movement1033 Words   |  5 PagesAhimsa, the Hindu principle of nonviolence toward all living things. An idea first adopted by Gandhi during his fight for Indias independence from British rule in 1947. A revolutionary idea which emphasized nonviolence, in the fight for peace. The idea was then adopted by Martin Luther King, and Lewis in during the 1960s in their fight to desegregate establishments across America. Now, there were many within the Civil Rights Movement that felt that King and Lewis’ methods were too forceful, manyRead MoreMartin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis1260 Words   |  6 Pagesas a way to threaten the â€Å"white moderates† into siding with him on the issue of Civil Rights with the idea that he is the most moderate and sensible person leading the fight for equality. How can King justify using others’ violence to argue for nonviolence? Even though King’s tactics seems contradictory, it did help to encourage â€Å"white moderates† to advance his cause for equality, avoiding the violence of extremist groups. King was the leading voice in the fight against racial segregation and aidedRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1213 Words   |  5 Pagesallegiance to nonviolence. King demonstrated his notion of nonviolence in his letter titled, Letter from a Birmingham Jail, and Gandhi in his writing, from Non- Violent Resistance. The two are closely related and share common and distinct themes; both held considerably comparable belief toward nonviolence, laws, and religion. As both understood the evil of oppression, King and Gandhi conveys that violence could not be used as the measure to achieve equality in their movements. Nonviolence was utilizedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.769 Words   |  4 Pagesthe public and called for acts of violence to deal with the sudden loss. As their anger continued to rise, Cesar Chavez published an article, in which he urged people to come to their senses and take a less violent approach to the situation. Chavez states that only through nonviolence will people continue to strive towards the peace that they and Dr. King have so long looked forward to. He appeals to his audience by relating to their commitment to God and struggles in everyday life in order to garnerRead MoreChicago Cease Fire As A Public Health Issue1687 Words   |  7 PagesSince then Ceasefire has been active in 18 communities in Chicago and 7 communities in Illinois. The method has had an extensive multi-year multi-metho d evaluation supported by the U.S. Department of Justice a public health issue. The Institute of Nonviolence reports that their framework was driven by a national experiment by David Kennedy to reduce violence. Rachel A Davis reports that violence can undermine our community and is a horrible burden on our youth, families, and neighborhoods. Violence underminesRead More Martin Luther King Jr. as the Greatest Civil Rights Leader Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pagesgreatest of them all. What king achieved during the little over a decade that he worked in civil rights was remarkable. There are few men of whom it can be said their lives changed the world from wikipedia. Using Mohanda Gandhis philosophy of nonviolence King gained the power of many citizens respect which lead him in success in, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Birmingham Protest March, and breaking the barrier to allow black people vote rights. After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up

The, All Things Work Together, Inc. - 776 Words

People often wonder why I decided to call my company â€Å"All Things Work Together, Inc.† The explanation for the name is based on an observation of life and our experiences. The name â€Å"All Things Work Together, Inc.† is an examination of how all of our life experiences and day-to-day actions all seem to work together and influence the world we experience now. Women often live lives that include an overlap, in a sense, of other lives. We are wives at the same time that we are mothers, sisters, employees, managers, and ourselves. Our male counterparts have that same existence. On any given day, at any given time, we are all able to pick and choose a hat to fit the role we must take on for that particular moment in time. However, in the process of taking on all of these roles, we often forget who we are. Are we a wife? Are we a mother? Are we a sister? Who are we? We are all of these. Even if we cannot play all of these roles at once, all of these roles exists withi n us. These many roles work together to create an individual being. I like to think of all of journeys as being pieces of quilt with different textures and patterns. Our first square is when we are born. It may be soft and smooth like a piece of cotton. Around the center there are squares that add throughout the journey. There are clouds, sunshine, snow and rain because there are many seasons in our lives. There are picturesque painted views that show waterfalls and beaches. There are dark places that areShow MoreRelatedOrganizing Paper: the Home Depot1263 Words   |  6 Pageshuman, financial, physical, and other resources needed to achieve goals. â€Å"Organizing activities include attracting people to the organization, specifying job responsibilities, grouping jobs into work units, marshaling and allocating resources, and creating conditions so that people and things work together to achieve maximum success† (Bateman amp; Snell, 2009). 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Strategic Market Management Retail Management

Question: Describe about the Strategic Market Management for Retail Management? Answer: Introduction Johnson, Scholes, Whittington (2005) demonstrated the idea of strategic lenses and it designs the lens as a part of it and explains the designed lens as a formulated strategy through effective and careful analysis of implementation by the top management. Strategy is defined as a design that is viewed with respect to strategic development through a rational, structured or analytical process. The major principles are associated on it where managers are required to be rational decision makers and managers should be taking decisions to optimize the performance of economy in the organizations. Although most strategies are deliberate and Mintzberg, a proponent of the emergent school of thought focused on the creation of objectives for the future of the company but leaving the implementation to the flexibility of market forces. These schools of thought make it inappropriate to agree the statement that strategy is a mixture of design as it is not always a case. (Aaker, 2004) Since strategic judgment has been attributed to experience, it is related to strategy as experience which is the main strategy lenses. The strategy experience lens views strategy development as the outcome of an individual and collective experience of individuals represented by cultural influences. Comparison / Similarities Strategic management is a term which is used in all organizations. It defines the strategic management with respect to the strategy that integrates the goals, policies and actions of an organization. The well formulated strategy helps to place and utilize the organizations resources. Therefore, it analyzes the strategic management and evaluates the key issues of strategic management. Thus, the focus of this section will be based on the perspectives of different authors such as Mintzberg, Whittington and Johnson as well as Scholes. In the dynamic and complex business world, strategy is vital from management and it includes plethora of informations. It is formulated in terms of resources and develops the brand position in an organization with respect to effective communication. (Wiley, 2009) Johnsons views of strategy The rationalistic view describes that the strategy is an outcome of series of preplanned actions to achieve the desired goals. It emphasizes strategy as a science and it is known well as systematic and rational attributes. The adaptive and incremental views of strategy are evolved through an accumulation of minor changes over time and it is called as art with respect to creative and dynamic features. The interpretive view describes it as a product of individual to make sense and it interprets the past events and evidence. The assumptions of strategy are discussed in different forms such as: Strategic positioning with the analysis that offers the comparison of organizational strengths and resources with respect to environmental change to deal with the major advantages and opportunities as well as threats. (Johnson.et.al, 2005) Whittingtons generic approach The classical approach deals with the strategy as a rational process depend on analysis and quantification. It agrees on the unitary goal of profit maximization as the major outcome of the strategy. Thus, the evolutionary approach deals with the different position that protects profit maximization while the classical approach is similar to the metaphor of Gareth Morgan that deals with efficiency. The evolutionary approaches use analogy of biological evolution to define strategy development through an art. This approach shares a similarity and its ability to deal with the environment. The processual approach focuses on nature of market and organization. The processual approach relies on the micro environment of the organization as the determinant of strategy formulation. The systematic approach works as a strategy to link the dominant features of the local systems and it involves deliberate process and planning. Thus, the effective business strategy might include both the strategic th inking and the essential elements of strategic planning process and it identify to involve the creativity and intuition. The systemic and the classical approaches exchange the same goals on long term planning but differ on expected outcome of the strategy. It also shares a similarity with evolutionary approach and favors the formulation of strategy. Systemic approach is identical to Mintzbergs cultural school and it has an image organization. (Scholes,et.al, 2008) It is focused by essential elements with respect to major strategies such as: The intent focused strategy develops the managerial vision of where the firm is going and what it try to become. This is known as strategic intent and the comprehensive strategy focuses on important perspectives that involve value creation. It determines the linkages between the firm and other parts of the system. It seizes opportunities and develops the foundation of realities. (Johnson Whittington, 2005) Whittingtons model formulates two different outcomes such as profits maximization and pluralist. Profits maximization: Whittington deals with the outcome of strategy for classical and evolutionary schools that is to increase the profit. The classical approach focuses on profit as the major goal of business and rational planning helps to achieve it. Top management is in control of the strategy of the organization. (Berman, et.al, 2006) Pluralist: Whittingtons systemic schools look at the result of strategy as pluralistic and it adds, additional outcomes are envisioned and not profit. Wealth and sons are attractiveness of the life of this world and it is called as best foundation for hopes. (Michael, 2004) Mintzbergs ten schools of strategy formulation Prescriptive schools: This school suggests how the strategies should be formulated and it discuss about the methods in terms of strategy. Design school: The design school is a concept that helps to formulate the strategy with respect to the tools and techniques like SWOT analysis and Ashridge mission model. The companies who follow this concept should deal with the SWOT to identify the strengths, weaknesses and threats as well as opportunities. It is influenced by architecture and is formulated with the concept of change. (Mintzberg.et.al, 1998) Planning school: As per Mintzberg, this concept helps an organization to analyze the current scenario of business and it deals with the contemporary issues as well as implementation. This concept motivates brainstorming, innovation and other goals that helps the company to utilize the resources as per their needs. Positioning school: The positioning school recommends the focus of the current position of the company and it deals with the image as well as position of the company in the minds of the customer, this concept is influenced by military and is useful for large firms but it is not useful for small firms and it is not the process of strategic formulation. Descriptive schools: This concept talks about the organization that formulates the strategy. Entrepreneurial school: This helps an organization to follow the strategy and make changes as per the contemporary environment. It is influenced by biology and it is centralized. This concept has few limitations but it cannot impact the strategy at the time of strategic formulation. Cognitive school: This concept formulates the strategy by the psychological needs of the customers. It focuses on the needs and responses of the consumers to certain circumstances. It is influenced by psychology and sounds very meaningful in the contemporary business environment. This is very time consuming and expensive to deal with the customers. Learning school: The learning concept formulate the strategies in accordance with the learning from mistakes. It formulates a strategy and is influenced by education. It is very useful and expensive because it has to be carried to formulate a strategy. Power school: This concept helps to deal with the competitive advantage and it exerts some power over the customers. This concept resembles as there are some visionary leaders to deal with the vision. It could be done with the formulation of wrong strategy. (Benningson, 1999) Cultural school: The cultural school concept motivates employee involvement and the strategy concerns the cooperation of the employees. This also guides the employees on how to lead with the mergers and acquisitions. Environmental school: This concept demonstrates the fact based on the strategy and other factors. It resembles the design school with the formulation of the strategy. The external environment is very unstable in contemporary business environment and it evaluates both the internal as well as external factors for innovation. Configuration school: This concept develops the strategy to focus on change and keep on changing the decisions based on strategic formulation. It is influenced by this context. It is not practical to establish the kind of strategic formulation process that needs a very flexible approach of organization structure who will be able to adjust with change rapidly. (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2005) The strategy lenses Overall, the strategy is arrived from a multiple level of source that is combined with the major techniques. Johnson and Scholes talk about the term strategic lenses that are meant to name it as strategy and it is described as: Strategy as a design This is the major strategic formulation that deals with the predictions and strategic choices are made with respect to implementation. It can be a logical process in which forces and limitations are weighed carefully in the organization and to establish the techniques, the organization requires clear strategic direction. It is to be planned to summarize the analysis and reflection on how the organization is to be there. The more people who work in the organization are participated in the strategic development and the more strategy is likely to succeed. Strategy as an experience This approach emphasizes the way in which the future can be shaped by the reflection of the past and it is dependent on the future strategies of the organization that is influenced by the experience of the managers in the work place. It is something that needs to be planned in an effective manner. There is high influence of wisdom and culture about how the things could be done in an organization. (Wilson, 2003) Strategy as ideas It deals with innovation and characteristics of organization that are able to innovate. It is dependent on the role of strategic leadership that is not to control the organizations development and wish to contribute to the future direction. (Nationalcollege.org.uk, 2015) This is mainly the part of innovation that leads to focus on the senior managers at the level of corporate planning. It will be created with the diverse organization as people try to handle their everyday jobs and changing situations. (Baker, 2007) Johnson and Scholes recommended that the above strategies are the lenses that helps to resolve the problems and the other lenses might show up are missed such as high reliance on incremental changes might overlook the changes and developments that could be vital for the success of an organization. Thus, it is worth considering the very strong influence the design and experience lenses have in large organizations and government departments. Ideally, there is a need for managers to look at the strategy through all three lenses. (Kaplan.co.uk, 2015) Conclusion In conclusion, the major aspect of success or failure of an organization is depending on its strategy and the misconception on strategy is futile without strategic management. Thus, it can be said that both the strategy and the strategic management of an organization helps to identify the success or failure of an organization. It focused on the perceptions of different authors called as Henry Mintzberg, Richard Whittington who has shown that strategy formulation is very important to deal with the strategy and the ten schools of thought consists of prescriptive and descriptive that has shown us what to have in mind while planning a strategy. These concepts are really important to focus on the perfect one. Every organization exists and operates in ever changing environment with the aim from time to time with different goals and objectives. Whittington has no doubt that made the strategy crafting and it condemns right to deal with flexibility as well as to become responsive to changes with business environment. Strategy does matter and provides meaning to an organization that helps the employees to identify the organization. It is not sufficient for organizations to have a strategy and it formulates from many other organizations. Effective strategies can focus on the strangest places through the most unexpected means and there is no best way to make strategy. (Baird, 2014) References Aaker, D. 2004. Strategic Market Management (7th Edition) Baird, C. 2014. Why is there so much disagreement about what strategy is: Academia.edu. Baker J M 2007 Marketing strategy and management, 4th edition Palgrave Macmillan pp 23 Bennigson T. 1999. - Is Relativism really self-refuting? Political studies, pg56 Berman, B. and Evans, J. 2006, Retail Management, a Strategic Approach, London: Prentice Hall Harrison, J. 2003. Strategic Management of Resources and Relationships: Concepts and Cases USA: John Wiley Sons Johnson et al. 2005. Strategic lenses are three different ways of looking at the issues of strategy development for an organisation: Strategy as design, Strategy as experience and Strategy as ideas. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. Whittington, R. 2005. Exploring Corporate Strategy (7th Edition) England: Prentice Hall Johnson, G. and Scholes, K, (2008), Exploring Corporate Strategy, (8th edn), London: Prentice Hall Kaplan.co.uk. 2015. Business strategy: Kaplan financial. Michael P, 2004, Competitive Strategy, Technique for Analysing Industries and Competitors, New York, Free Press Mintzberg H, Ahlstrand B, and Lampel J. 1998.Strategy Safari: the complete guide through the wilds of strategic management, Harlow: Prentice Hall Nationalcollege.org.uk. 2015. Different approaches to the strategic development of organizations: Key concepts and techniques in the strategic direction of schools. National college for teaching and leadership. Scholes et al 2008, exploring corporate strategy 8th edition prentice hall pp 2 Wiley J Sons 2009 strategic management journal volume 18 issue 4 pp 255-273 Wilson, I (2003) the subtle Art of Strategy: organizational planning, in uncertain times, US: Greenwood Publishing pp1-25

Narrative & Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Compare Narrative Therapy with another Model of Counselling, considering similarities and differences in how the client is understood andengaged with, the role of the counsellor, assumptions about change, types of intervention and the evidence for effectiveness of the Models. Answer: Knowledge in narrative therapy is an essential tool in guidance and counseling. It involves the whole process of leading people to identify and concentrate on their values, skills, and knowledge(Thomas, 2002). It is in the 1970s and 1980s when narrative therapy came into being. It was introduced by Michael White and David Epston. It is through these aspects that people identify the areas they can perform best in life and work on them in the appropriate way. Narrative therapists aim at leading people, to understand them better than they do(White, 2009). When the responsibility to accomplished, such people who pass through this kind of therapy are at long last, able to deal with any problem or challenge that might come across them in their lives. A narrative therapist collaborates with the affected client to weaken the negativity in him or her and focus on the bright positive side. On the other hand, cognitive behavioral therapy refers to the approach those people who have long-term skills or goals, to keep them healthy. This kind of therapy came into being in the 1960s. It was introduced by a philosopher known as Aaron T. Beck. According to this model, the way people feel or behave is closely related to what they think. Thinking makes the cognitive part of the approach, while feelings, emotions among other behavioral aspects, make the behavioral part of the approach. The following is a detailed explanation focusing on the differences and similarities between narrative therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The comparison of these two kinds of therapy needs a clear understanding of what they are. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a type of therapy applied in guidance and counseling, which majorly focuses on human behavior with the main aim of eliminating gradually or suppressing a behavior that is not desirable in a given society(Trauer Qian, 2015). This unwanted behavior not only affects the individuals but also other members of the society who are close or in a way, related to the former. In other words, behavioral therapy is a kind of therapy which has the main aim of bringing about a positive behavior change in the society. Generally, in cognitive behavioral therapy, one learns how to clearly understand his beliefs, thoughts, and altitude, question them, and come up with a solution to solve a problematic situation that is based on cognition and behavior. Narrative therapy, on the other hand, focuses on narratives that help to change the situation of the clients. Sometimes, stories are retold, to make sure all important aspects are fully captured. These stories, in this case, act as lenses. They reflect one's situation. A thorough interaction between the therapist and the client may create a totally different story, which in most cases, help to solve problems of aspects such as anxiety. Metaphors are commonly used in narrative therapy, to reveal what is hidden in the narratives. Critical thinking is a major factor that helps to me this therapeutic approach successful. There are several ways in which narrative therapy and behavioral therapy are similar and different. The following is a detailed analysis of the similarities in terms of the Roles of the client Clients are the real specialists of their own life. They pass through both positive and negative experiences. In both models, the clients are therefore for giving their experiences honestly and in a detailed manner, for them to get the right kind of therapeutic treatment. The experiences and wisdom of the client are a major source of the knowledge to solve their own problems(White M., 2005). They hardly notice this truth until they interact with the counselor. Secondly, for the therapy to take place effectively, the client should be open and free to express his/her ideas. When a client expresses his feelings, emotions, opinions values and principles, in a free manner, he enables the therapist to know how to solve his/her problems. According to(Graham, 2014), a problem shared is a problem solved. According to research in narrative therapy, such people tend to feel relieved after speaking out what is deep in their minds(Morgan, 2002). Small psychological disorders like stress can be dealt with, by only sharing ones emotions or feelings with close friends or relatives (Olatunji Davis, 2013). The following is a detailed analysis of the similarities in terms of the Roles of the counselor. First of all, the counselor is a consultant. He is also referred to as a collaborator. The major role of the client is to guide the client to understand the issues facing him or her in a deeper way. They are experts who are trained and effectively fit in their profession. One of the most important roles of counselors is to help their clients find solutions to their problems. A counselor does not give a solution to a problem, but with the help of the client, he or she can come up with a particular way or suggestion that may help in solving the problem(Freedman Combs, 1996). For example, a cognitive behavioral therapist collaborates with the client to guide him to find the solutions to himself. These solutions are mostly suggested by the client himself. Additionally, the counselor is also a curious learner. He learns through the experiences of different clients(Denborough, 2009). He then uses the knowledge obtained on one occasion to solve another similar, but related problem. The counselors act similarly in both therapies. It is also the role of the counselor in both models to help the client to develop self-awareness and accept their challenges. By so doing, it becomes easier for the clients to get help. The therapist should provoke conversations, to enable to affected, to disclose all issues regarding their problem. Similarities on assumption about change are as outlined below; Both models assume that human beings are able to interpret their own experiences. Human beings are knowledgeable. However, when they do not know the knowledge bestowed on them, they may not interpret both simple and complex problems facing them. Both models also assume that each individual has his own belief, attitude or story. All our experiences cannot be put together in one belief or story. The story of an individual should, therefore, be used to solve his problem, and not the story of another third person. However, review of how a problem was handled in a third persons story can also help to handle a current problem(Goncalves, Matos, Santos, 2009). The following are some of the notable interventions on both models. Therapists in both models of counseling, use different intervention principles, to solve the problems of the clients. One of the most common is the my life story' intervention. This helps the clients, to see that their experiences and stories are even minor and therefore they should not lose hope. For children, the expressive art interventions can also be used(O'Connor, 1997). When stories are told through expressive art, they become more influential and therefore help in both the narrative and cognitive behavioral approaches. The following is a detailed analysis of the similarities in terms of the evidence of effectiveness. There are various evidence to prove that narrative therapy is effective. Many publications have been made, showing this effectiveness. One of the most famous ones is the one written by(Fred Epston, 1989). In this publication, Fred explains about how children stealing cases had become rampant in the past but recent years. Out of the sample that was taken, 45 cases of such children stopped stealing. Famous narrative therapy evidence is a case study which was conducted by(Majid, 2014). This one included a sample of boys aged between 10-11 years, who had symptoms of social phobia. The duration for the narrative therapy approach took 90 minutes session. Eventually, the phobia gradually weakened and seized completely. This was reported by their teachers and their family. These children finally became good and fluent public speakers However, despite the many similarities between behavioral and narrative therapy, there are also some differences, which distinguish them. Based on the same basic concepts discussed above, the following are some of the differences between these two models of counseling. Role of the client Narrative therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy Here, most of the clients come to the therapist while a bit mentally composed. They only need help in aspects such as attitude change, making long term decisions among many others. Here some of the clients are extremely affected. Therefore, a guardian or a parent has to accompany such clients. For example, an extreme bhang addict cannot directly go to a counselor, without the help of a guardian Clients here are mostly willing to participate. A person, who wishes to get guidance on a certain aspect from a narrative therapist, will feel so willing to participate in any activity that is suggested by the therapist. Here, most of the clients facing adverse behavioral issues are often not willing to undergo behavioral therapy. As a result, they are reinforced through various methods of reinforcement, for instance, punishment, for them to change their behavior. The main aim of clients here is externalizing their problem for them to get help The main aim of the clients here is changing their behavior to a better one, which is acceptable by the members of that particular society. Role of the counselor Here the counselors also have different roles as far as behavioral and narrative therapy is concerned. The following table shows the differences between these two models of counseling. Narrative therapist Cognitive-behavioral therapist It is the role of the therapist to engage his/her clients in a lengthily conversations, to help them come identify their thinness, and hence change it to the positive way. Here, cognitive-behavioral therapists mostly reinforce the behavior of their clients, by involving them in several pieces of training, to modify their behavior. Narrative therapist focus on the experience of the clients in their approach. It is mainly focused on the experiences of the clients. One of the roles of these therapists is to help clients to identify the beliefs and attitudes, which are the major causes of their problems. Narrative therapists make the use of theories involved in this kind of therapy, to administer the appropriate counseling Cognitive-behavioral therapists make the use of behavioral theories to correct the irrelevant, undesirable and bad behavior, to a good behavior that is acceptable in the community. Some of these theories are; classical conditioning and operant conditioning(Vromans Schweitzer, 2011). A positive change in narrative therapy is realized through lengthy conversations between the therapist and the client A positive change in behavior is realized through practicing the aspects of good behavior taught Assumptions about change Narrative therapist Cognitive-behavioral therapist The assumption the narrative therapists makes is that the type of language used can bring about great changes in the thin story of the client(Lafrance Stoppard, 2007). Here, the cognitive-behavioral therapists assume that behavior is not only rectified by language but also real actions. They involve many aspects to change the feelings and attitude of the clients. Intervention Narrative therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapist In Narrative therapy, the approach to clients is professional and with less contact with the clients. The counselor and the client only need a close oral communication. In cognitive-behavioral therapy, the counselor maintains a close contact with the client to make it possible for him/her, to monitor the behavior of the client. Evidence for effectiveness Narrative therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapist The client provides a positive feedback about complete identity of issues like goals, attitude, values, among others The client can orally talk with the cognitive-behavioral therapist about how he was before and how he is after rehabilitation among other training programs which are aimed at changing one's behavior to a positive one. In conclusions, narrative therapy is a wide field of study which relies on the specialist on that field, and the clients. The main aim of this study is to make sure that all people in the global; society live in peace and harmony, solving any challenge that may arise in life. In collaboration with other related studies such as behavioral therapy, most of the people in the society get help on issues that with the psychology of human beings. References Denborough, D. (2009). Research, evidence and narrative practice. Dulwich Centre Publication. Fred, W., Epston, D. (1989). Australian and Newzealnd Journal of family therapy , 3. Freedman, J., Combs, G. (1996). Story development. In Narrative therapy. In The social construction of preferred realities (pp. 101-103). New York. Norton. Goncalves, M., Matos, M., Santos, A. (2009). Narrative therapy and the nature of Innovative Moments in the construction of change. Journal of Constructivist Psychology , 1-23. Graham, J. (2014). Narrative therapy for treating video game addiction. International journal of mental health and addiction , 701-707. Irwin, M., Olmstead, R. (2014). Cognitive behavioral therapy vs. Tai Chi for late life insomnia and inflammatory risk. a randomized controlled comparative efficacy trial , 1543-1552. Lafrance, M., Stoppard, J. (2007). Re-storying womens depression. In C. Brown T. Augusta-Scott (Eds). Making meaning: Making lives. London, England: Sage Publications. Majid, G. (2014). The Arts in Psychotherapy. Morgan, A. (2002). Beginning to work with narrative therapy. Dulwich Centre Foundation. O'Connor, T. e. (1997). On the right Track: Client experience of narrative therapy. Contemporary Family Therapy , 479-495. Olatunji, B., Davis, M. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators. Journal of psychiatric research , 33-41. Thomas, L. (2002). Poststructuralism and therapy: Whats it all about? . International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work , 85-89. Trauer, J., Qian, M. (2015). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic InsomniaA Systematic Review and Meta-analysisCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia. Annals of internal medicine. Vromans, L., Schweitzer, R. (2011). Narrative therapy for adults with major depressive disorder: Improved symptom and interpersonal outcomes. Psychotherapy Research , 4-15. White, C. (2009). Where did it all begin? . Reflecting on the collaborative work of Michael White and David Epston , 57-58. White, M. (2005). Re-authoring conversations. Michael White workshop notes , 10-12.

Zoroaster Essay Example For Students

Zoroaster Essay Two of the three major monotheistic religions today are Judaism and Christianity. Upon taking a closer look at these western religions one cant help but notice a common thread running through all three. The ideas of one omniscient God (hence monotheism) and final judgment, resulting in spending an eternity in heaven or hell, are ever present. How do these largely practiced belief systems have so much in common? Who is responsible for creating the basic ideology of millions of believers today? The answer to these questions may lie in a man who lived nearly twenty-six hundred to possibly three and a half thousand years ago. Zoroastrians are the followers of the Achaemenian prophet or priest Zarathustra (or Zoroaster as the Greeks called him). (For clarification, I will use present day Iran in place of the Achaemenian Empire). Due to invasions of Iran and the destruction of their libraries, there are no sources to pinpoint the time frame of Zoroasters life. According to documents that s urvived the eradications, Zoroaster flourished 258 before Alexander Alexander the Great sacked the Iranian capitol in 330 BC, dating the prophets birth circa 628 BC, while some scholars estimate his life around 1400 BC. Where Zoroaster was born and lived is almost as uncertain as when he lived. Arab scripts state that Zaratusht arose from Ragh which researchers have concluded as Rhages, or present day Tehran Iran. The area in which he lived had an economy based on animal husbandry. Nomads who frequently raided those people were viewed by Zoroaster as of order and called them followers of the lie. So begins the basis of Zoroasters theology. We will write a custom essay on Zoroaster specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To understand the overwhelming effect Zoroastrianism had on the people of the ancient Middle East, one must take a look at their belief system. Iran, as well as the entire Middle East, was a land where many pagan gods and goddesses were being born. During the time of Zoroaster, Mithra was one prominent religion practiced by the Iranians. Those who were followers of Mithra (as well as other religions) would sacrifice animals to pay homage to their gods. It wasnt uncommon for worshippers to consume narcotics and intoxicating beverages called Haoma (Zaehner 38). This is a one reason why Zoroaster revolted against Mithra and other Iranian religions before him. Zoroaster had received a vision from Ahura Mazda, the Wise Lord, who appointed him to teach the truth. Initially Zoroaster did not try to overthrow current religions, yet placed Ahura Mazda as the Head God. Through his attempts to slowly reform ancient Iranian religion, Zoroaster was opposed in his monotheistic teachings and princi ples by religious authorities in the area that he preached. His enemies were the established civil and religious heads who wanted no part in the undoing of the ancient national religions, which had strong ties in the existing social and economic structures. Zoroaster testifies: Where and which part of land shall I go succeed? They keep me away from the family and the tribe. The community that I wish to join does not gratify me, nor do the deceitful tyrants of the land. How shall I gratify you, O Ahura Mazda? (Clark 3) It can be deduced that he was persecuted by religious and civil leaders and in turn escaped his homeland. Researchers indicate that Zoroaster appealed to one of the great leaders of his time called King Vishtaspa (the great grandson of Xerxes of Greece) (Princeton 83). The king along with a few others, (who included some family), became followers and began spreading the word of Zoroastrianism. The basis of Zoroasters teachings seems to revolve around the idea that all events in the world are based on cause and effect. He has based his teachings on three principles: good reflection, good word and good behavior. Zoroaster believed that all the motives of human beings are based on action and reaction. Therefore, if human beings act favorably, they will in turn receive favorable actions and vice versa. Zoroasters god was not a god who was neither a bribe taker nor a dealer. Ahura Mazda, as told by Zoroaster, did not need to be flattered by his creatures in ritualistic sacrifices (Zaehner 85); neither did he need to be bought with bribes of expensive offerings. (Wadia 53-56) The god of Zoroaster is a god of justice, kindness and truthfulness. Ahura Mazda, in turn, guides his people to practice the same principles, because no man is more worthy than the other. That is why Zoroaster has based his theology on good reflection, good word and good deed. Contrary to some religions pra cticed at that time, Zoroastrians are not predetermined in their fate to either eternal happiness or everlasting damnation.According to the Avesta (Zoroasterian scripture) everybody has the liberty to choose the right or wrong. This idea of free will may have taken root in the home community of Zoroaster as described in the Gathas (Zoroastrian hymns). The Gathas tells the story of a peaceful pastoral and cattle breeding society (presumably Zoroasters), which was constantly raided by fierce nomadic tribes. The latter Zoroaster constantly refers to as dregvants (the followers of the Lie) where as his own people are the ashavants (the followers of Truth). (Zaehner 34) Zoroastrianism proposes an ethical dualism, implying a radical choice made between good and evil, exemplified by these two spirits (dreg and asha) (Clark 9) Yet not only does Zoroaster present an ethical dualism, but also a religious one as well. The monotheistic basis of Zoroasters teaching appears to be dualistic. Ahura Mazda appears to have an opposing (evil) force. Contrary, Zoroaster taught that in the beginning there was a meeting of two spirits, who were free to choose life or not life. This original choice gave birth to a good (Spenta Mainyu) and an evil (Angra Mainyu) principle. Monotheism, however, prevails over ethical and religious dualism because Ahura Mazda is actually comprised of both spirits, who were divided into the two opposed principles through their own choice and decision pitted in an eternal struggle. (Clark 6-10)At the beginning of time, the world was divided into the dominion of the good and of the evil. Between these, each man is bound to decide. From mans freedom of decision he alone is responsible for his fate. Through his good deeds, the righteous person earns an everlasting reward. He who opts for evil is condemned by Ahura Mazda and must expect to descend to the Christian concept of hell. Ahura Mazda is said to eventually vanquish the spirit of evil. This is done in s imilar fashion as the Christian religion, were there is a final internal confrontation where the good spirit, Spent a Mainyu, destroys the evil spirit. Zoroasters monotheistic solution had replaced the idea of dualism. (Zaehner 54-57)Not many stories have been recorded about teachings that Zoroaster supplied to his followers. Zoroastrianism had eventually grown popular among the Iranian people but had still received opposition from other religious heads. Several attempts were made by opposing religions to uproot the new theology. Some religious leaders tried to discredit the Zoroastrians by accusing them of being fire worshippers. Zoroaster didnt believe in anthropomorphism, so he chose to symbolize his god with fire. Zoroaster considered light and fire to be the cleanest phenomona in the earth therefore he chose them to be the symbol of Ahur Mazda. Unfortunately, some people out of wickedness or mere misunderstanding regarded Zoroastrianism as a fire-worshipping religion. The accus ations not only damaged the theological basis, but also put holes in followers faith. Even today the followers of Zoroaster are ridiculed as fire worshipers. (Waida 47, Clark 93)Zoroasters death appears to be as sketchy as his birth. Currently there are several possible accounts of the prophets death. Two are relatively similar in effect, but vary in minuet detail. One account states that he was murdered by a rival priest while attending to his regular rituals. The other recorded possibility is that Zoroaster was slain along with other priests by the rival priests (Kavis) during a raid on a Zoroastrian sanctuary. Not all texts make a claim for a violent death. One researcher reports that Zoroasters departureto the best existence, when seventy-seven years had elapsed onwards from his birth. (Clark 24) Bartering for gaining power through the name of God and sacrificing of animals, where both large sources of income for other religious leaders. Zarathustras three principles of good ref lection, good words, and good deed; lead to eternal life. Therefore, there was no need for religious leaders to assume the role of mediator between God and people like other religions. Zarathustra beliefs even deprived the clergies from temples that they had built. As these priests were deprived of their followers and money they developed animosity toward Zoroasterianism. After Zoroasters death, priests of other religions incorperated Ahur Mazda to their own religions in hopes of winning Zoroasters people and money.In this manner the religion of Mithra became so popular in Iran that even King Xerxes (of Greece) was worshiping Mithra next to Ahur Mazda. A century later, improper behavior on the part of Alexander of Macedonia resulted in ordering his army to set fire to libraries of Iran. The destruction of didactic literature is why history in that area is so ambiguous. Due to continued persecution and undo hardships, Zoroastrians were scattered throughout the Middle East. Zoroasters philosophy was transferred person to person and has caused many alterations that may not be inline with true Zoroastrianism. .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .postImageUrl , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:hover , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:visited , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:active { border:0!important; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:active , .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152 .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0bc198e451358fc184e140cd80714152:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is ethical theory applicable to practice EssayWhat direct effects Zoroastrianism had on later Judaeo-Christian religions cannot be said for certain. Zoroasters doctrine of rewards and punishments, of an eternal bliss and an eternity of woe allotted to good and evil men in another life beyond the grave is so strikingly similar to (Judeo-Christian) teaching that we cannot fail to ask whether here at least there is not a direct influence at work. For the similarities are so great and the historical context so neatly apposite that it would be carrying skepticism altogether too far to refuse to draw the obvious conclusion. (Zaehner 57) Since Zoroastrianism was developed somewhe re between 100 900 years before Judaism and Jews had direct interaction with Iranians, it can be concluded that Iranians influenced the Jews, especially in the ways of religion.It can be said then that Zoroastrianism was the basis for Christianity as well as Judaism, since Judaism held the founding principles for Christianity. Bibliography:

General Analysis and Critical Evaluation of the Proposed Management Control System

General Analysis and Critical Evaluation of the Proposed Management Control System Introduction The human resource function in any organisation is often charged with the responsibility of planning and controlling the human resource needs of the organisation. Organisations must have the right skills to be able to achieve their objectives and targets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on General Analysis and Critical Evaluation of the Proposed Management Control System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A control mechanism must be in place to enable the HR department perform its roles and functions in the most efficient way. This paper carries out an analysis and evaluation of a typical management control system adopted for use by the HR department. Personal and Control Cultures Recruitment Recruitment entails getting the right worker for a given job and, therefore, the HR staff must be able to consult with the candidate to determine whether he or she has the right qualifications for the job. Recruitment in terviews are an example of communication exercises where ideas are exchanged. Without better communication skills, the HR staff will not be in a position to determine whether the responses given are accurate, thus, making it appropriate for the firm to hire the worker. Information technology has become integral in the present day operations of firms. It has the potential of reducing HR costs, while also improving the quality of performance. Having an understanding of the basic software used in office operations helps the HR to offer quality performance and lower the overall costs of the function. In other words, it enhances efficiency of the department. The right motivation as well as professionalism helps in boosting the level of one’s performance. It potentially influences the performance of other staff members, as well. Being proactive and working independently enhances initiative on the part of the HR. A worker’s background must tally with the organisation’s culture, integrity, and ethics for the firm to achieve its intended success. HR staffs must be ready to fit within the cultural framework of the organisation to influence the rest of the workforce toward aligning in the same direction.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Drawbacks The control mechanism does not identify the need for HR staffs to have leadership skills. Unless the HR staffs are leaders, their recruitment roles will never achieve the right workers. Strong leadership qualities enable recruits to follow on the staff and perform their roles to the expectation. Promotion and Training The HR is about planning and organising personnel resource such that the organisation can achieve its desired objectives. Thus, knowledge of the firm’s culture, design of jobs and position, as well as ability to select the right person and evaluation management are all c ritical for HR staff in as far as promotion and training is concerned. It will enable the staff to determine areas that need additional skills and help in designing new skills that will be appropriate for the running of the organisation. Drawbacks Apart from employee tests, it is important to establish a mechanism that evaluates the actual performance of staff. Some people are capable of passing exams highly, yet they lack the practical ability to execute their roles. On the other hand, there are workers who would perform dismally on their tests, but perform excellently when it comes to execution of roles. Cultural Controls Because the executive management may issue cultural values expressed in complex terms, the HR department must transform the language without changing the meanings in order to make it easy for the staff to understand. Drawback The cultural values of a firm must not strictly be a reserve for the executive management to formulate. It should involve even the middle a nd lower cadre managers because they are also stakeholders in the running of the organisation. An all-inclusive culture value formulation will make the entire HR feel as part of the culture and, thus, perform excellently in its execution. Action Control The control mechanism must establish a standardised framework upon which judgments and measurements must be carried out. The main drawback of this HR control system is in its subjective and flexible structure. Such an arrangement gives a leeway to the HR staff to bend rules as they may find it suitable for them. In essence, this would end up affecting the quality of performance of the HR department.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on General Analysis and Critical Evaluation of the Proposed Management Control System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Result Control The HR department, like all the departments in the organisation, must seek to achieve cost efficiency. Its ac tions and decisions must be weighed against the compensation decisions, motivation, and turnover. Drawbacks The HR department needs to operate on its own budget for specific periods. This will enhance planning. Thus, the department must have its own financial results for each year to help in its financial planning and drawing of budgets. Relying on non-financial KPIs affects the quality and ability to plan financially for the department (Merchant Stede, 2011, p. 236). Conclusion The human resource department within any organisational set up undertakes the role of planning the human resource and ensuring it is capable of achieving an organisation’s objectives. Control of the HR’s activities and operations is critical in enabling the organisation to enhance its performance. The control system ensures that the HR staff has attained the right qualification in the department and ensures that the recruitment exercise obtains the right skills for the workers. HR staffs must have predetermined qualifications and personal attributes to enable them achieve greater results in their roles. List of References Merchant, KA Stede, WAV 2011, Management control systems: Performance measurement, evaluation and incentives, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Harlow

Criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Criminal justice - Assignment Example The result is strong bonding that sees them survive through their term in jail. Women and men who commit crimes are sent to prison according to sex. Serious offenses such as sexual assault prompted creation of separate prisons for males and females. Female prisoners are quite different from male prisoners as they are less violent and rarely fight prison wardens or there inmates as compared to men (Schmalleger, 2008). Furthermore, women easily form bonds as a way of helping each other to survive through the prison sentence. Men have concrete hierarchy basing on gang relations, connections, and physical superiority. It is because of this that women prison has a lesser number of prison officers compared to men. Though the prisons are heavily fortified, those of men require 24 hours surveillance while female prison is not heavily guarded. Female prisons have special units where they can report assault as they are they tend to be verbally expressed than men who tend to solve issues physically. Women are less involved in crimes than men are; therefore, not much study has been conducted. Prison staff is charged with the responsibility of curbing violence among the inmates (Schmalleger, 2008), surveillance to control prison breakouts, quelling riots and offering first aid services. Officers also write reports on overall prison condition, new cases of violence, deaths, and diseases. In addition, the prison staff deals with alcohol and drug dependent inmates. They deal handle sexual offenders within prison, facilitate religious beliefs activities and understanding of diverse backgrounds. Prison staff also deals with different patients including psychiatric cases, offering necessary treatment. Prison rioting is a way of complaining to the authority of the injustices and demanding certain services (Schmalleger, 2008). Inmates often agree